TRIM17 and TRIM28 antagonistically regulate the ubiquitination and anti-apoptotic activity of BCL2A1

International audienceBCL2A1 is an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family that contributes to chemoresistance in a subset of tumors. BCL2A1 has a short half-life due to its constitutive processing by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This constitutes a major tumor-suppressor mechanism regulating BCL2A1 function. However, the enzymes involved in the regulation of BCL2A1 protein stability are currently unknown. Here, we provide the first insight into the regulation of BCL2A1 ubiquitination. We present evidence that TRIM28 is an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for BCL2A1. Indeed, endogenous TRIM28 and BCL2A1 bind to each other at the mitochondria and TRIM28 knock-down decreases BCL2A1 ubiquitination. We also show that TRIM17 stabilizes BCL2A1 by blocking TRIM28 from binding and ubiquitinating BCL2A1, and that GSK3 is involved in the phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of BCL2A1 degradation. BCL2A1 and its close relative MCL1 are thus regulated by common factors but with opposite outcome. Finally, overexpression of TRIM28 or knock-out of TRIM17 reduced BCLA1 protein levels and restored sensitivity of melanoma cells to BRAF-targeted therapy. Therefore, our data describe a molecular rheostat in which two proteins of the TRIM family antagonistically regulate BCL2A1 stability and modulate cell death

Regulation of the stability of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2A1

L’apoptose ou mort cellulaire programmée joue un rôle prépondérant dans l’homéostasie cellulaire. Ce processus est très finement régulé par les protéines de la famille BCL-2 qui contrôlent la perméabilité de membrane mitochondriale externe et la libération du cytochrome c, deux événements majeurs précédant la mort cellulaire. Les protéines anti-apoptotiques de la famille BCL-2 contribuent à la tumorigenèse et sont impliquées dans la résistance des cancers aux molécules chimiothérapeutiques ; à ce titre, elles représentent des cibles importantes pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies. BCL2A1 est un membre anti-apoptotique de la famille BCL-2 impliqué dans la chimiorésistance de nombreuses tumeurs. La protéine BCL2A1 a pour caractéristique d’avoir une demi-vie courte due à sa dégradation constitutive par le système ubiquitine-protéasome. Ceci régule la stabilité et la fonction anti-apoptotique de BCL2A1 et représente un mécanisme suppresseur de tumeur majeur. Cependant, les enzymes qui contrôlent les modifications post-traductionnelles impliquées dans l’ubiquitination et la dégradation de BCL2A1 demeurent, à ce jour, inconnues. Dans la présente thèse, nous donnons un aperçu des acteurs et des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de l’ubiquitination de BCL2A1. Nous présentons des preuves que TRIM28 est une E3 ubiquitine-ligase pour BCL2A1. En effet, les protéines TRIM28 et BCL2A1 endogènes interagissent ensemble au niveau des mitochondries et la déplétion de TRIM28 diminue l’ubiquitination de BCL2A1. Nous montrons aussi que TRIM17 stabilise BCL2A1 en empêchant son interaction avec TRIM28 et son ubiquitination médiée par TRIM28, et que l’activité de GSK3 est impliquée dans l’inhibition de la dégradation de BCL2A1. Ainsi, BCL2A1 et son proche homologue MCL-1 sont régulés par des facteurs communs mais de façon opposé. Finalement, la surexpression de TRIM28 ou l’inactivation de TRIM17 diminue le niveau protéique de BCL2A1 et restaure la sensibilité des cellules de mélanomes aux thérapies utilisant des inhibiteurs de la kinase BRAF. Globalement, nos résultats décrivent un rhéostat moléculaire au sein duquel deux protéines de la famille TRIM régulent de façon antagoniste la stabilité de BCL2A1 et modulent ainsi la mort cellulaire.Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and is regulated by the Bcl-2 proteins, which control mitochondria membrane permeability and cytochrome c release, two events that precede cell demise. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members can contribute to tumorigenesis and cause resistance to anti-cancer regimens, therefore representing important targets for novel therapeutics. BCL2A1 is an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family that contributes to chemoresistance in a subset of tumors. BCL2A1 has a short half-life due to its constitutive processing by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This constitutes a major tumor-suppressor mechanism regulating BCL2A1 function. However, the enzymes involved in the regulation of BCL2A1 protein stability are currently unknown. Here we provide the first insight into the regulation of BCL2A1 ubiquitination. We present evidence that TRIM28 is an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for BCL2A1. Indeed, endogenous TRIM28 and BCL2A1 bind to each other at the mitochondria and TRIM28 knock-down decreases BCL2A1 ubiquitination. We also show that TRIM17 stabilizes BCL2A1 by blocking TRIM28 from binding and ubiquitinating BCL2A1, and that GSK3 is involved in the phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of BCL2A1 degradation. BCL2A1 and its close relative MCL1 are thus regulated by common factors but with opposite outcome. Finally, overexpression of TRIM28 or knock-out of TRIM17 reduced BCLA1 protein levels and restored sensitivity of melanoma cells to BRAF-targeted therapy. Therefore, our data describe a molecular rheostat in which two proteins of the TRIM family antagonistically regulate BCL2A1 stability and modulate cell death.Sommair

Régulation de la stabilité de la protéine anti-apoptotique BCL2A1

Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and is regulated by the Bcl-2 proteins, which control mitochondria membrane permeability and cytochrome c release, two events that precede cell demise. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members can contribute to tumorigenesis and cause resistance to anti-cancer regimens, therefore representing important targets for novel therapeutics. BCL2A1 is an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family that contributes to chemoresistance in a subset of tumors. BCL2A1 has a short half-life due to its constitutive processing by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This constitutes a major tumor-suppressor mechanism regulating BCL2A1 function. However, the enzymes involved in the regulation of BCL2A1 protein stability are currently unknown. Here we provide the first insight into the regulation of BCL2A1 ubiquitination. We present evidence that TRIM28 is an E3 ubiquitin-ligase for BCL2A1. Indeed, endogenous TRIM28 and BCL2A1 bind to each other at the mitochondria and TRIM28 knock-down decreases BCL2A1 ubiquitination. We also show that TRIM17 stabilizes BCL2A1 by blocking TRIM28 from binding and ubiquitinating BCL2A1, and that GSK3 is involved in the phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of BCL2A1 degradation. BCL2A1 and its close relative MCL1 are thus regulated by common factors but with opposite outcome. Finally, overexpression of TRIM28 or knock-out of TRIM17 reduced BCLA1 protein levels and restored sensitivity of melanoma cells to BRAF-targeted therapy. Therefore, our data describe a molecular rheostat in which two proteins of the TRIM family antagonistically regulate BCL2A1 stability and modulate cell death.SommaireL’apoptose ou mort cellulaire programmée joue un rôle prépondérant dans l’homéostasie cellulaire. Ce processus est très finement régulé par les protéines de la famille BCL-2 qui contrôlent la perméabilité de membrane mitochondriale externe et la libération du cytochrome c, deux événements majeurs précédant la mort cellulaire. Les protéines anti-apoptotiques de la famille BCL-2 contribuent à la tumorigenèse et sont impliquées dans la résistance des cancers aux molécules chimiothérapeutiques ; à ce titre, elles représentent des cibles importantes pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies. BCL2A1 est un membre anti-apoptotique de la famille BCL-2 impliqué dans la chimiorésistance de nombreuses tumeurs. La protéine BCL2A1 a pour caractéristique d’avoir une demi-vie courte due à sa dégradation constitutive par le système ubiquitine-protéasome. Ceci régule la stabilité et la fonction anti-apoptotique de BCL2A1 et représente un mécanisme suppresseur de tumeur majeur. Cependant, les enzymes qui contrôlent les modifications post-traductionnelles impliquées dans l’ubiquitination et la dégradation de BCL2A1 demeurent, à ce jour, inconnues. Dans la présente thèse, nous donnons un aperçu des acteurs et des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de l’ubiquitination de BCL2A1. Nous présentons des preuves que TRIM28 est une E3 ubiquitine-ligase pour BCL2A1. En effet, les protéines TRIM28 et BCL2A1 endogènes interagissent ensemble au niveau des mitochondries et la déplétion de TRIM28 diminue l’ubiquitination de BCL2A1. Nous montrons aussi que TRIM17 stabilise BCL2A1 en empêchant son interaction avec TRIM28 et son ubiquitination médiée par TRIM28, et que l’activité de GSK3 est impliquée dans l’inhibition de la dégradation de BCL2A1. Ainsi, BCL2A1 et son proche homologue MCL-1 sont régulés par des facteurs communs mais de façon opposé. Finalement, la surexpression de TRIM28 ou l’inactivation de TRIM17 diminue le niveau protéique de BCL2A1 et restaure la sensibilité des cellules de mélanomes aux thérapies utilisant des inhibiteurs de la kinase BRAF. Globalement, nos résultats décrivent un rhéostat moléculaire au sein duquel deux protéines de la famille TRIM régulent de façon antagoniste la stabilité de BCL2A1 et modulent ainsi la mort cellulaire

Unexpected cross-reactivity of anti-cathepsin B antibodies leads to uncertainties regarding the mechanism of action of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody GA101

International audienceGA101, also known as obinutuzumab or Gazyva (Gazyvaro), is a glycoengineered type II humanized antibody that targets the CD20 antigen expressed at the surface of B-cells. This novel anti-CD20 antibody is currently assessed in clinical trials with promising results as a single agent or as part of therapeutic combinations for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Detailed understanding of the mechanisms of GA101-induced cell death is needed to get insight into possible resistance mechanisms occurring in patients. Although multiple in vitro and in vivo mechanisms have been suggested to describe the effects of GA101 on B-cells, currently available data are ambiguous. The aim of our study was to clarify the cellular mechanisms involved in GA101-induced cell death in vitro, and more particularly the respective roles played by lysosomal and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Our results confirm previous reports suggesting that GA101 triggers homotypic adhesion and caspase-independent cell death, two processes that are dependent on actin remodeling and involve the production of reactive oxygen species. With respect to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), our data suggest that lack of specificity of available antibodies directed against cathepsin B may have confounded previously published results, possibly challenging current LMP-driven model of GA101 action mode

Mitochondrial morphology is associated with respiratory chain uncoupling in autism spectrum disorder

International audienceAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with unique changes in mitochondrial metabolism, including elevated respiration rates and morphological alterations. We examined electron transport chain (ETC) complex activity in fibroblasts derived from 18 children with ASD as well as mitochondrial morphology measurements in fibroblasts derived from the ASD participants and four typically developing controls. In ASD participants, symptoms severity was measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale and Aberrant Behavior Checklist. Mixed-model regression demonstrated that alterations in mitochondrial morphology were associated with both ETC Complex I+III and IV activity as well as the difference between ETC Complex I+III and IV activity. The subgroup of ASD participants with relative elevation in Complex IV activity demonstrated more typical mitochondrial morphology and milder ASD related symptoms. This study is limited by sample size given the invasive nature of obtaining fibroblasts from children. Furthermore, since mitochondrial function is heterogenous across tissues, the result may be specific to fibroblast respiration. Previous studies have separately described elevated ETC Complex IV activity and changes in mitochondrial morphology in cells derived from children with ASD but this is the first study to link these two findings in mitochondrial metabolism. The association between a difference in ETC complex I+III and IV activity and normal morphology suggests that mitochondrial in individuals with ASD may require ETC uncoupling to function optimally. Further studies should assess the molecular mechanisms behind these unique metabolic changes. Trial registration: Protocols used in this study were registered in clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02000284 and NCT02003170